Chapter 8 Notes
Section 1 Notes:
Vocabulary:
John Adams: Federalist president first elected in 1796 who lost the 1800 presidential election
Thomas Jefferson: Republican who defeated John Adams in the presidential election of 1800.
John Marshall: a Federalist appointed by Adams to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Marbury v. Madison: a case that established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review.
Judicial review: the Supreme Court’s power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.
Functions: uses or purposes.
1. The Election of 1800
a. Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams and became president in 1800.
b. In campaigning, both sides had made their cases in newspaper editorials and letters.
c. Both sides believed that if the other gained power, the nation would be destroyed.
d. The campaigning was intense.
e. Federalists said if Jefferson gained power, revolution and chaos would follow.
f. Republicans claimed that Adams would crown himself king.
g. Jefferson and Aaron Burr, his vice presidential running mate, each won 73 votes.
h. After the thirty-sixth ballot in the House of Representatives, Jefferson was elected President.
2. Jefferson’s Policies
a. Jefferson gave his first speech in the new capitol.
b. He said he supported the will of the majority.
c. He emphasized his belief in a limited government and the protection of civil liberties.
d. Jefferson convinced Congress to let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire.
e. He cut military spending to free money to pay the national debt.
f. The Republican-led Congress passed laws to end the unpopular whiskey tax and other domestic taxes.
g. In 1801 the national government was made up of only several hundred people.
h. Jefferson liked it that way.
i. He thought that safeguarding the nation against foreign threats, delivering the mail, and collecting custom duties were the most important functions of the federal government.
j. Jefferson had fought Alexander Hamilton over the creation of the Bank of the United States, but he did not close it.
3. Marbury v. Madison
a. Adams filled 16 new federal judgeships with Federalists before leaving office.
b. Republicans in Congress soon repealed the Judiciary Act upon which Adams’s appointments were based.
c. A controversy arose when Adams appointed William Marbury as a justice of the peace.
d. The documents supporting Marbury’s appointment were never delivered.
e. When Jefferson took office, secretary of state James Madison would not deliver them.
f. Marbury sued and asked the Supreme Court to order Madison to give him the documents.
g. John Marshall wrote the Court’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison.
h. He ruled that the law which Marbury’s case depended upon was unconstitutional.
i. The case established the Court’s power of judicial review.
Vocabulary:
John Adams: Federalist president first elected in 1796 who lost the 1800 presidential election
Thomas Jefferson: Republican who defeated John Adams in the presidential election of 1800.
John Marshall: a Federalist appointed by Adams to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Marbury v. Madison: a case that established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review.
Judicial review: the Supreme Court’s power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.
Functions: uses or purposes.
1. The Election of 1800
a. Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams and became president in 1800.
b. In campaigning, both sides had made their cases in newspaper editorials and letters.
c. Both sides believed that if the other gained power, the nation would be destroyed.
d. The campaigning was intense.
e. Federalists said if Jefferson gained power, revolution and chaos would follow.
f. Republicans claimed that Adams would crown himself king.
g. Jefferson and Aaron Burr, his vice presidential running mate, each won 73 votes.
h. After the thirty-sixth ballot in the House of Representatives, Jefferson was elected President.
2. Jefferson’s Policies
a. Jefferson gave his first speech in the new capitol.
b. He said he supported the will of the majority.
c. He emphasized his belief in a limited government and the protection of civil liberties.
d. Jefferson convinced Congress to let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire.
e. He cut military spending to free money to pay the national debt.
f. The Republican-led Congress passed laws to end the unpopular whiskey tax and other domestic taxes.
g. In 1801 the national government was made up of only several hundred people.
h. Jefferson liked it that way.
i. He thought that safeguarding the nation against foreign threats, delivering the mail, and collecting custom duties were the most important functions of the federal government.
j. Jefferson had fought Alexander Hamilton over the creation of the Bank of the United States, but he did not close it.
3. Marbury v. Madison
a. Adams filled 16 new federal judgeships with Federalists before leaving office.
b. Republicans in Congress soon repealed the Judiciary Act upon which Adams’s appointments were based.
c. A controversy arose when Adams appointed William Marbury as a justice of the peace.
d. The documents supporting Marbury’s appointment were never delivered.
e. When Jefferson took office, secretary of state James Madison would not deliver them.
f. Marbury sued and asked the Supreme Court to order Madison to give him the documents.
g. John Marshall wrote the Court’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison.
h. He ruled that the law which Marbury’s case depended upon was unconstitutional.
i. The case established the Court’s power of judicial review.
Section 4
Section 4 Notes
Vocabulary:
Political parties: groups that help elect people and shape politics.
Federalist Party: a political group that wanted a strong federal government and supported industry and trade.
Democratic-Republican Party: a political group that wanted to limit the federal government’s powers.
XYZ Affair: a French demand for a $250,000 bribe and a $12 million loan in exchange for a treaty.
Alien and Sedition Acts: laws that punished supporters of France and deprived people of the freedom to say and write what they believed.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: formal statements that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
1.The Election of 1796
a. In the election 1796 more than one candidate ran for president.
b.Political parties had started during Washington’s presidency.
c. Washington cautioned against party rivalry in his farewell, but rivalry dominated the 1796 election.
d.Alexander Hamilton was key in founding the Federalist Party.
e. John Adams and Thomas Pinckney were the Federalist candidates.
f. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison helped found the Democratic-Republican Party.
g. That (D-R) party selected Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr as its candidates.
h.Business people in cities tended to support Adams.
i. Farmers generally favored Jefferson.
j. Both sides attacked each other.
k. Adams won; Jefferson was second.
l. He and Jefferson then had to serve as president and vice president.
2.President Adams and the XYZ Affair
a. Adams made improving the relationship between the U.S. and France a high priority.
b.France was unhappy when the United States refused to let its citizens join in the war against Britain.
c. Adams sent U.S. diplomats to repair that problem and make a treaty to guard U.S. shipping.
d.The French foreign minister refused to meet with them.
e. Three French agents said that the minister would discuss a treaty only if America paid a $250,000 bribe AND gave a $12 million loan.
f. The American public became furious about the XYZ affair.
g. Still, Adams did not declare war on France.
h.This angered many other Federalists.
i. At last the U.S. and France did negotiate a peace treaty.
3.The Alien and Sedition Acts
a. The Alien and Sedition Acts, passed by Federalists in Congress, became law in 1798.
b.The Alien Act empowered the president to remove foreign residents he decided were involved in any treasonable or secret plots against the government.
c. The Sedition Act forbid U.S. residents to “write, print, utter, or publish” false or critical words against the government.
d.The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that the states could disobey unconstitutional federal laws.
e. Congress did not repeal the acts, though they were not renewed.
f. The resolutions presented the view that states could dispute the federal government.
g. Later politicians would say this idea meant that the states could declare laws or actions of the federal government to be illegal.
Vocabulary:
Political parties: groups that help elect people and shape politics.
Federalist Party: a political group that wanted a strong federal government and supported industry and trade.
Democratic-Republican Party: a political group that wanted to limit the federal government’s powers.
XYZ Affair: a French demand for a $250,000 bribe and a $12 million loan in exchange for a treaty.
Alien and Sedition Acts: laws that punished supporters of France and deprived people of the freedom to say and write what they believed.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: formal statements that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
1.The Election of 1796
a. In the election 1796 more than one candidate ran for president.
b.Political parties had started during Washington’s presidency.
c. Washington cautioned against party rivalry in his farewell, but rivalry dominated the 1796 election.
d.Alexander Hamilton was key in founding the Federalist Party.
e. John Adams and Thomas Pinckney were the Federalist candidates.
f. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison helped found the Democratic-Republican Party.
g. That (D-R) party selected Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr as its candidates.
h.Business people in cities tended to support Adams.
i. Farmers generally favored Jefferson.
j. Both sides attacked each other.
k. Adams won; Jefferson was second.
l. He and Jefferson then had to serve as president and vice president.
2.President Adams and the XYZ Affair
a. Adams made improving the relationship between the U.S. and France a high priority.
b.France was unhappy when the United States refused to let its citizens join in the war against Britain.
c. Adams sent U.S. diplomats to repair that problem and make a treaty to guard U.S. shipping.
d.The French foreign minister refused to meet with them.
e. Three French agents said that the minister would discuss a treaty only if America paid a $250,000 bribe AND gave a $12 million loan.
f. The American public became furious about the XYZ affair.
g. Still, Adams did not declare war on France.
h.This angered many other Federalists.
i. At last the U.S. and France did negotiate a peace treaty.
3.The Alien and Sedition Acts
a. The Alien and Sedition Acts, passed by Federalists in Congress, became law in 1798.
b.The Alien Act empowered the president to remove foreign residents he decided were involved in any treasonable or secret plots against the government.
c. The Sedition Act forbid U.S. residents to “write, print, utter, or publish” false or critical words against the government.
d.The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that the states could disobey unconstitutional federal laws.
e. Congress did not repeal the acts, though they were not renewed.
f. The resolutions presented the view that states could dispute the federal government.
g. Later politicians would say this idea meant that the states could declare laws or actions of the federal government to be illegal.
Section 3
Section 3 Notes:
Vocabulary:
French Revolution: a rebellion of the French people against their king that led to the creation of a republican government.
Neutrality Proclamation: a formal statement that the U.S would not take sides with any European countries who were at war.
Privateers: private ships hired by a country to attack its enemies.
Jay’s Treaty: an agreement that settled the disputes between United States and Britain in the early 1790’s.
Pinckney’s Treaty: an agreement that settled border and trade disputes with Spain.
Little Turtle: a native American chief who fought against U.S. forces in 1790.
Battle of Fallen Timbers: the battle that broke the strength of Native American forces in the Northwest Territory.
Treaty of Greenville: an agreement that gave the U.S. right of entry to American Indian lands.
Whiskey Rebellion: an uprising in which some farmers refused to pay the whiskey tax.
Neutral: unbiased, not favoring either side in a conflict.
1.Remaining Neutral
a. The French Revolution increased tensions between France and Britain.
b.Many Americans supported the French Revolution, but others opposed it.
c. France and Great Britain finally went to war. George Washington stated U.S. neutrality toward the war in the Neutrality Proclamation.
d.A French representative asked American sailors to command privateers to aid France in fighting England.
e. Washington said that this violated U.S. neutrality.
f. Jefferson thought the U.S. should support France and resented interference in his role as secretary of state.
g. He resigned in 1793
h.Washington wanted to stop a war between the U.S. and Britain.
i. The 2 sides signed Jay’s Treaty.
j. Britain would pay damages on seized American ships
k. Spain and the U.S. disputed the border of Florida.
l. Pinckney’s Treaty settled that issue and reopened New Orleans to American ships.
2.Conflict in the Northwest Territory
a. American’s continued to settle the territory despite protests of American Indians.
b.U.S. forces lost a battle to Miami chief Little Turtle.
c. But, General Anthony Wayne commanded U.S. troops in gaining the territory at last.
d.The American Indians were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timber and their leaders signed the Treaty of Greenville a year later.
3.The Whiskey Rebellion
a. In March 1791 Congress passed a tax on American made whiskey.
b.The Whiskey Rebellion broke out.
c. Washington personally led the army against the rebels in western Pennsylvania, but they fled.
d.The revolt ended with no battle.
4.Washington says farewell
a. Washington declined to run for a third term.
b.He had tired of public life and considered the American people the nation’s leaders.
c. In his farewell speech, he warned about the dangers of foreign ties and political conflicts at home.
d.He also cautioned against too much debt.
e. At the conclusion of his speech, he stated that he looked forward to a life “of good laws under a free government…”
Vocabulary:
French Revolution: a rebellion of the French people against their king that led to the creation of a republican government.
Neutrality Proclamation: a formal statement that the U.S would not take sides with any European countries who were at war.
Privateers: private ships hired by a country to attack its enemies.
Jay’s Treaty: an agreement that settled the disputes between United States and Britain in the early 1790’s.
Pinckney’s Treaty: an agreement that settled border and trade disputes with Spain.
Little Turtle: a native American chief who fought against U.S. forces in 1790.
Battle of Fallen Timbers: the battle that broke the strength of Native American forces in the Northwest Territory.
Treaty of Greenville: an agreement that gave the U.S. right of entry to American Indian lands.
Whiskey Rebellion: an uprising in which some farmers refused to pay the whiskey tax.
Neutral: unbiased, not favoring either side in a conflict.
1.Remaining Neutral
a. The French Revolution increased tensions between France and Britain.
b.Many Americans supported the French Revolution, but others opposed it.
c. France and Great Britain finally went to war. George Washington stated U.S. neutrality toward the war in the Neutrality Proclamation.
d.A French representative asked American sailors to command privateers to aid France in fighting England.
e. Washington said that this violated U.S. neutrality.
f. Jefferson thought the U.S. should support France and resented interference in his role as secretary of state.
g. He resigned in 1793
h.Washington wanted to stop a war between the U.S. and Britain.
i. The 2 sides signed Jay’s Treaty.
j. Britain would pay damages on seized American ships
k. Spain and the U.S. disputed the border of Florida.
l. Pinckney’s Treaty settled that issue and reopened New Orleans to American ships.
2.Conflict in the Northwest Territory
a. American’s continued to settle the territory despite protests of American Indians.
b.U.S. forces lost a battle to Miami chief Little Turtle.
c. But, General Anthony Wayne commanded U.S. troops in gaining the territory at last.
d.The American Indians were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timber and their leaders signed the Treaty of Greenville a year later.
3.The Whiskey Rebellion
a. In March 1791 Congress passed a tax on American made whiskey.
b.The Whiskey Rebellion broke out.
c. Washington personally led the army against the rebels in western Pennsylvania, but they fled.
d.The revolt ended with no battle.
4.Washington says farewell
a. Washington declined to run for a third term.
b.He had tired of public life and considered the American people the nation’s leaders.
c. In his farewell speech, he warned about the dangers of foreign ties and political conflicts at home.
d.He also cautioned against too much debt.
e. At the conclusion of his speech, he stated that he looked forward to a life “of good laws under a free government…”
Chapter 7 Section 2
Section 2 Vocabulary:
Alexander Hamilton: the first secretary of the US treasury who wanted to pay the nation’s foreign debt immediately and gradually repay the full value of all bonds.
National debt: money owed by the United States.
Bonds: certificates that represent money
Speculators: people who buy items at low prices in the hope that the value will rise.
Thomas Jefferson: the first secretary of state who thought that repaying the full value of all bonds would cheat bondholders who had sold their bonds at low prices.
Loose construction: the view that the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid.
Strict construction: the view that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do.
The Bank of the United States: the national bank
1.Settling the Debt
a. Alexander Hamilton wanted to pay off the national debt. He figured that the US owed $11.7 million to foreign countries.
b.The nation also owed about $40.4 million to US citizens.
c. During the Revolutionary War the government sold bonds to raise money.
d.Officials said bonds would be repurchased at a higher price.
e. Some bondholders sold their bonds to speculators.
f. Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagreed on what to do.
g. The government replaced old bonds with new, more reliable ones.
h.Hamilton thought that the federal government should repay $21.5 million of the state’s debt.
i. Southern leaders objected.
j. Their states had relatively low debts.
k. Hamilton arranged to have the US capital’s location changed from New York to Philadelphia and finally Washington, DC.
l. Southern leaders then supported his plan.
2.Hamilton Versus Jefferson
a. Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about the role of the central government.
b.Hamilton wanted a strong federal government.
c. Jefferson wanted strong powers for the states.
d.Hamilton did not want people to have much power because he had little faith in the average person.
e. Jefferson believed that the people had right to rule the country.
f. Hamilton backed manufacturing, business, and higher tariffs.
g. Jefferson backed farming and lower tariffs.
3.The debate over the bank
a. In 1791 Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about the government’s economic problems.
b.Hamilton wanted a national bank so the government could safely deposit money.
c. Jefferson believed that Hamilton’s plan gave too much power to the federal government.
d.Hamilton supported loose construction of the Constitution.
e. Jefferson supported the strict construction.
f. Washington and Congress wanted the Bank of the United States.
g. It helped make the US economy more stable.
Alexander Hamilton: the first secretary of the US treasury who wanted to pay the nation’s foreign debt immediately and gradually repay the full value of all bonds.
National debt: money owed by the United States.
Bonds: certificates that represent money
Speculators: people who buy items at low prices in the hope that the value will rise.
Thomas Jefferson: the first secretary of state who thought that repaying the full value of all bonds would cheat bondholders who had sold their bonds at low prices.
Loose construction: the view that the federal government can take reasonable actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid.
Strict construction: the view that the federal government should do only what the Constitution specifically says it can do.
The Bank of the United States: the national bank
1.Settling the Debt
a. Alexander Hamilton wanted to pay off the national debt. He figured that the US owed $11.7 million to foreign countries.
b.The nation also owed about $40.4 million to US citizens.
c. During the Revolutionary War the government sold bonds to raise money.
d.Officials said bonds would be repurchased at a higher price.
e. Some bondholders sold their bonds to speculators.
f. Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagreed on what to do.
g. The government replaced old bonds with new, more reliable ones.
h.Hamilton thought that the federal government should repay $21.5 million of the state’s debt.
i. Southern leaders objected.
j. Their states had relatively low debts.
k. Hamilton arranged to have the US capital’s location changed from New York to Philadelphia and finally Washington, DC.
l. Southern leaders then supported his plan.
2.Hamilton Versus Jefferson
a. Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about the role of the central government.
b.Hamilton wanted a strong federal government.
c. Jefferson wanted strong powers for the states.
d.Hamilton did not want people to have much power because he had little faith in the average person.
e. Jefferson believed that the people had right to rule the country.
f. Hamilton backed manufacturing, business, and higher tariffs.
g. Jefferson backed farming and lower tariffs.
3.The debate over the bank
a. In 1791 Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about the government’s economic problems.
b.Hamilton wanted a national bank so the government could safely deposit money.
c. Jefferson believed that Hamilton’s plan gave too much power to the federal government.
d.Hamilton supported loose construction of the Constitution.
e. Jefferson supported the strict construction.
f. Washington and Congress wanted the Bank of the United States.
g. It helped make the US economy more stable.
Chapter 7 Section 1 Notes
Section 1
Vocabulary:
George Washington: an honest leader, a hero of the revolution, and the first U.S. President.
Electoral college: a group of delegates, or electors, who represent the people’s vote in choosing the president.
Martha Washington: George Washington’s wife and the (1st) First Lady.
Precedent: an action or a decision that later serves as an example.
Judiciary Act of 1789: an act that created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and relationships to the state courts
Agreement: a decision reached by two or more people or groups.
1. The First President:
a. George Washington was unanimously elected by the electoral college in January 1789.
b. John Adams became his vice president.
c. Martha Washington entertained and accompanied her husband at social events.
d. She was in charge of the presidential house-hold.
e. Other women, such as Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams, believed women needed to play a larger role in the nation than Martha Washington did.
f. They thought that women should take a more important role in society because they educated their children to be good citizens.
2. Organizing the Government
a. The new federal government had to establish a precedent when creating policies and procedures that would have a great influence on the future of the nation.
b. Congress formed departments in the executive branch to oversee various areas of national policy.
c. Washington consulted with department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him.
d. Our presidents today also meet with their key advisors.
e. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789.
f. This act created the federal court system and the courts’ location.
g. The president nominates candidates for federal judgeships.
h. The Senate holds the power to approve or reject the candidates.
3. Americans’ Expectations of Government
a. Americans had high expectations of their government.
b. They wanted trade that did not have the limits put in place by the British Parliament.
c. They also expected the government to protect them and keep the economy strong.
d. In 1790 four million people lived in the United States.
e. Most Americans worked on farms.
f. They hoped for fair taxes and the right to move onto western lands.
g. Americans who lived in towns worked as craftspeople, laborers, or merchants.
h. They wanted help with their businesses.
i. Merchants wanted simpler trade laws.
j. Manufacturers wanted laws to shield them from overseas competitors.
k. Most cities were small.
l. Only New York and Philadelphia topped 25,000 residents.
m. New York City, the first capital, reflected the new nation’s spirit.
n. In 1792 some 24 Wall Street stockbrokers signed an agreement that eventually created the New York Stock Exchange.
Chapter 5 Section 3
Section 3 Notes:
Vocabulary:
Constitutional Convention: meeting held in Philadelphia to create a new constitution.
James Madison: a leading convention delegate from Virginia
Virginia Plan: a plan giving supreme power to the central government and creating a bicameral legislature made of two groups, or houses, of representatives.
New Jersey Plan: a plan creating a unicameral, or one-house legislature.
Great Compromise: an agreement that gave each state one vote in the upper house of the legislature and a number of representatives based on its population in the lower house.
Popular sovereignty: the idea that political power belongs to the people.
Federalism: the sharing of power between a central government.
Legislative Branch: a Congress of two houses that proposes and passes laws.
Executive Branch: The president and the departments that help run the government.
Judicial branch: a system of all the national courts.
Checks and balances: a system that keeps any branch of government from becoming too powerful.
1 Constitution Convention
a. The Constitutional Convention met in May 1787 in Philadelphia, where America had declared independence.
b. Twelve states sent delegates.
c. Most of the delegates were educated and had served in state legislatures or Congress.
d. James Madison was one of the attendees
2. Great Compromise
a. States disagreed about representation, tariffs, slavery and strength of the central government.
b. In the Virginia Plan, the legislature would be selected on the basis of population.
c. The New Jersey Plan proposed that each state receive an equal number of votes.
d. The Great Compromise gave every state, regardless of size, an equal vote in the upper house of the legislature.
e. Each state would be represented in the lower house based on population.
3. Three Fifths Compromise
a. The Three-Fifths Compromise satisfied northerners who wanted the number of slaves in southern states to determine taxes but not representation.
b. It also satisfied southern delegates, who wanted slaves counted as part of their state populations to increase their power.
c. The delegates agreed to end the slave trade in 20 years.
4. The Living Constitution
a. The delegates wanted to protect popular sovereignty.
b. They thought federalism could accomplish that.
c. States would control government functions not assigned to the federal government.
5 Checks and Balances
a. The Constitution balances power among the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch.
b. The Constitution’s framers established checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too strong.
c. The Constitution was completed in September 1787.
d. Congress and then the states ratified the Constitution.
represented in the lower house based on population.
Vocabulary:
Constitutional Convention: meeting held in Philadelphia to create a new constitution.
James Madison: a leading convention delegate from Virginia
Virginia Plan: a plan giving supreme power to the central government and creating a bicameral legislature made of two groups, or houses, of representatives.
New Jersey Plan: a plan creating a unicameral, or one-house legislature.
Great Compromise: an agreement that gave each state one vote in the upper house of the legislature and a number of representatives based on its population in the lower house.
Popular sovereignty: the idea that political power belongs to the people.
Federalism: the sharing of power between a central government.
Legislative Branch: a Congress of two houses that proposes and passes laws.
Executive Branch: The president and the departments that help run the government.
Judicial branch: a system of all the national courts.
Checks and balances: a system that keeps any branch of government from becoming too powerful.
1 Constitution Convention
a. The Constitutional Convention met in May 1787 in Philadelphia, where America had declared independence.
b. Twelve states sent delegates.
c. Most of the delegates were educated and had served in state legislatures or Congress.
d. James Madison was one of the attendees
2. Great Compromise
a. States disagreed about representation, tariffs, slavery and strength of the central government.
b. In the Virginia Plan, the legislature would be selected on the basis of population.
c. The New Jersey Plan proposed that each state receive an equal number of votes.
d. The Great Compromise gave every state, regardless of size, an equal vote in the upper house of the legislature.
e. Each state would be represented in the lower house based on population.
3. Three Fifths Compromise
a. The Three-Fifths Compromise satisfied northerners who wanted the number of slaves in southern states to determine taxes but not representation.
b. It also satisfied southern delegates, who wanted slaves counted as part of their state populations to increase their power.
c. The delegates agreed to end the slave trade in 20 years.
4. The Living Constitution
a. The delegates wanted to protect popular sovereignty.
b. They thought federalism could accomplish that.
c. States would control government functions not assigned to the federal government.
5 Checks and Balances
a. The Constitution balances power among the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch.
b. The Constitution’s framers established checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too strong.
c. The Constitution was completed in September 1787.
d. Congress and then the states ratified the Constitution.
represented in the lower house based on population.
Chapter 5 Section 2
Section 2 Notes
Vocabulary:
Tariffs: taxes on imports or exports
Interstate commerce: trade between two or more states.
Inflation: increased prices combined with the reduced value of money
Depression: a period of low economic activity.
Daniel Shays: a poor farmer and Revolutionary War veteran.
Shays’s Rebellion: an uprising in which Daniel Shays led hundreds of men in a forced shutdown of the Supreme Court in Springfield, Massachusetts.
1. International Relations
a. The Continental Army broke up soon after the signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
b. The Articles of Confederation provided no way to raise a new army.
c. The United States had a hard time guarding against foreign threats.
d. Problems arose in trading with Britain, which closed many British ports to U.S. ships.
e. The British also forced American merchants to pay high tariffs.
f. U.S. merchants increased prices to pay them, and costs were passed on to customers.
g. In 1784 Spanish officials shut down the lower Mississippi River to U.S. shipping.
h. Western farmers and merchants used the river to ship goods east and overseas.
i. The U.S. government failed to work out an agreement with Spain.
j. Critics thought Spain would have negotiated longer if America had a strong military force.
k. The loss of the British West Indies markets meant farmers could not sell goods there.
l. U.S. exports dropped while lower-priced British goods kept entering America. Congress could not pass tariffs.
2 Economic Problems
a. Trade problems among the states, war debt, and a poor economy hurt the states.
b. The confederation Congress had no power to regulate interstate commerce.
c. States looked out only for their own trade interests.
d. In addition, states had trouble paying off war debts.
e. They printed paper money, but it had no gold or silver backing and little value.
f. This caused inflation, which occurs when increased prices for goods and services combine with the reduced value of money.
g. The loss of trade with Britain coupled with inflation created a depression.
3. Shays’s Rebellion
a. Massachusetts collected taxes on land to pay its war debt.
b. This policy hurt farmers who owned land.
c. The courts made them sell their property to pay taxes.
d. Daniel Shays and his followers defied a state order that would stop Shays’s Rebellion.
e. They were defeated by state troops, and 14 leaders were sentenced to death.
f. However, the state freed most, including Shays.
g. Many citizens agreed with Shays.
4. Calls for Change
a. The weaknesses of the Confederation government led leaders, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, to ask all 13 states to send delegates to a Constitutional Convention.
b. It was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation and create a better constitution.
Vocabulary:
Tariffs: taxes on imports or exports
Interstate commerce: trade between two or more states.
Inflation: increased prices combined with the reduced value of money
Depression: a period of low economic activity.
Daniel Shays: a poor farmer and Revolutionary War veteran.
Shays’s Rebellion: an uprising in which Daniel Shays led hundreds of men in a forced shutdown of the Supreme Court in Springfield, Massachusetts.
1. International Relations
a. The Continental Army broke up soon after the signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
b. The Articles of Confederation provided no way to raise a new army.
c. The United States had a hard time guarding against foreign threats.
d. Problems arose in trading with Britain, which closed many British ports to U.S. ships.
e. The British also forced American merchants to pay high tariffs.
f. U.S. merchants increased prices to pay them, and costs were passed on to customers.
g. In 1784 Spanish officials shut down the lower Mississippi River to U.S. shipping.
h. Western farmers and merchants used the river to ship goods east and overseas.
i. The U.S. government failed to work out an agreement with Spain.
j. Critics thought Spain would have negotiated longer if America had a strong military force.
k. The loss of the British West Indies markets meant farmers could not sell goods there.
l. U.S. exports dropped while lower-priced British goods kept entering America. Congress could not pass tariffs.
2 Economic Problems
a. Trade problems among the states, war debt, and a poor economy hurt the states.
b. The confederation Congress had no power to regulate interstate commerce.
c. States looked out only for their own trade interests.
d. In addition, states had trouble paying off war debts.
e. They printed paper money, but it had no gold or silver backing and little value.
f. This caused inflation, which occurs when increased prices for goods and services combine with the reduced value of money.
g. The loss of trade with Britain coupled with inflation created a depression.
3. Shays’s Rebellion
a. Massachusetts collected taxes on land to pay its war debt.
b. This policy hurt farmers who owned land.
c. The courts made them sell their property to pay taxes.
d. Daniel Shays and his followers defied a state order that would stop Shays’s Rebellion.
e. They were defeated by state troops, and 14 leaders were sentenced to death.
f. However, the state freed most, including Shays.
g. Many citizens agreed with Shays.
4. Calls for Change
a. The weaknesses of the Confederation government led leaders, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, to ask all 13 states to send delegates to a Constitutional Convention.
b. It was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation and create a better constitution.
Chapter 5 Section 1
Chapter 5 Section 1 Notes: The Articles of Confederation
Magna Carta: an English document that limited the power of the monarch.
English Bill of Rights: the bill declared the power of Parliament and kept the monarch from passing new taxes or changing laws without Parliament’s approval.
Constitution: A set of basic principles and laws that states the powers and duties of the government.
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: a law that included Thomas Jefferson’s ideas grating religious freedom.
Suffrage: voting rights
Articles of Confederation: the new national constitution, which made a new Confederation Congress the national government.
Ratification: official approval of the Articles of Confederation by the states.
Land Ordinance of 1785: a law that established the Northwest Territory and formed a political system for the region.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: a law that established the Northwest Territory and formed a political system for the region
Northwest Territory: a territory including Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
Chapter 5 Forming a Government
Section 1 Notes:
1. Ideas about Government
a. After winning independence from Great Britain, the United States needed to form new governments.
b. The Americans first looked to English law for ideas.
c. The English Bill of Rights and Magna Carta gave them inspirations.
d. Ideas from the Enlightenment also influenced them.
e. English philosopher John Locke had thought the government had a duty to guard people’s rights.
f. In 1639 the people of Connecticut had created a government plan considered to be the first written constitution in the colonies.
g. During the American Revolution nearly every state wrote a constitution to ensure that citizens elected representatives to make laws.
h. Suffrage varied considerable from state to state.
i. Some constitutions banned slavery
j. The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was an example of a law providing religious freedom.
2. Articles of Confederation
a. The Continental Congress named a Committee of Thirteen, with one member from each colony.
b. This committee drafted the Articles of Confederation.
c. Under the Articles of Confederation Congress had limited powers to guard the people’s freedoms.
d. Each state had one vote in the Congress.
e. The Congress had powers, but it could only ask the states for money and soldiers.
f. States could refuse these requests.
g. After some conflicts the Articles were ratified by all the states to form the first American government.
3. Northwest Territory
a. Congress decided to raise money to pay debts by selling the ordinance lands.
b. Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785.
c. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formed the Northwest Territory.
d. It was then split up into several smaller territories.
e. When the population of a territory hit 60,000, its settlers could draft their own constitution and ask to join the Union.
f. Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory.
Magna Carta: an English document that limited the power of the monarch.
English Bill of Rights: the bill declared the power of Parliament and kept the monarch from passing new taxes or changing laws without Parliament’s approval.
Constitution: A set of basic principles and laws that states the powers and duties of the government.
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: a law that included Thomas Jefferson’s ideas grating religious freedom.
Suffrage: voting rights
Articles of Confederation: the new national constitution, which made a new Confederation Congress the national government.
Ratification: official approval of the Articles of Confederation by the states.
Land Ordinance of 1785: a law that established the Northwest Territory and formed a political system for the region.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: a law that established the Northwest Territory and formed a political system for the region
Northwest Territory: a territory including Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
Chapter 5 Forming a Government
Section 1 Notes:
1. Ideas about Government
a. After winning independence from Great Britain, the United States needed to form new governments.
b. The Americans first looked to English law for ideas.
c. The English Bill of Rights and Magna Carta gave them inspirations.
d. Ideas from the Enlightenment also influenced them.
e. English philosopher John Locke had thought the government had a duty to guard people’s rights.
f. In 1639 the people of Connecticut had created a government plan considered to be the first written constitution in the colonies.
g. During the American Revolution nearly every state wrote a constitution to ensure that citizens elected representatives to make laws.
h. Suffrage varied considerable from state to state.
i. Some constitutions banned slavery
j. The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was an example of a law providing religious freedom.
2. Articles of Confederation
a. The Continental Congress named a Committee of Thirteen, with one member from each colony.
b. This committee drafted the Articles of Confederation.
c. Under the Articles of Confederation Congress had limited powers to guard the people’s freedoms.
d. Each state had one vote in the Congress.
e. The Congress had powers, but it could only ask the states for money and soldiers.
f. States could refuse these requests.
g. After some conflicts the Articles were ratified by all the states to form the first American government.
3. Northwest Territory
a. Congress decided to raise money to pay debts by selling the ordinance lands.
b. Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785.
c. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 formed the Northwest Territory.
d. It was then split up into several smaller territories.
e. When the population of a territory hit 60,000, its settlers could draft their own constitution and ask to join the Union.
f. Slavery was banned in the Northwest Territory.
8th Grade Notes on 4.1
Vocabulary:
First Continental Congress: gathering of colonial leaders who were deeply troubled about the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies in America.
Patriots: colonists who chose to fight for independence.
Minutemen: the members of the civilian volunteer militia.
Redcoats: British soldiers wearing red uniforms.
Second Continental Congress: meeting of delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia in May 1775.
Continental Army: army created by the Second Continental Congress to carry out the fight against Britain.
George Washington: the Virginian who commanded the Continental Army.
Battle of Bunker Hill: battle won by the British but with double the American losses.
1. First Continental Congress
· Delegates to the First Continental Congress were worried about the relationship between Great Britain and its American Colonies.
· Delegates debated whether violence was avoidable
o They encouraged the peaceful boycott of British goods but also began to prepare for war.
o They drafted a Declaration of Rights but King George refused to consider it.
2. “Shot Heard ‘Round the World”
· On April 19, 1775 700 Redcoats set out for Concord.
o A British general sent the soldiers to destroy a weapons storehouse they thought was there.
o Three colonists rode out on horseback to warn that the British were coming. Seventy armed minutemen waited for the British at Lexington.
o Nobody knows who fired the first shot
o The British killed eight minutemen then went on to Concord where they destroyed a few buildings.
o In reaction the minutemen fired on the Redcoats.
o The British suffered many casualties and were forced to retreat.
3. Second Continental Congress
· At the Second Continental Congress some delegates called for war while others wanted peace.
· The congress named the Massachusetts militia the Continental Army.
o The commander was George Washington.
· Delegates signed the Olive Branch Petition asking King George to make peace.
o He would not consider it.
4. Early Battles
· On June 17, 1775, the British in Boston found colonial forces dug in on Breed’s Hill. When the British crossed the harbor in boats to take the hill, the colonists opened fire.
o The British took the hill on their third try.
· The Battle of Bunker Hill proved the colonists could hold their own.
o Soon after, General Washington took command of the Continental Army in Boston.
o He set up cannons from Fort Ticonderoga to fire on the British. On March 7, 1776, the British retreated from Boston.
Vocabulary:
First Continental Congress: gathering of colonial leaders who were deeply troubled about the relationship between Great Britain and its colonies in America.
Patriots: colonists who chose to fight for independence.
Minutemen: the members of the civilian volunteer militia.
Redcoats: British soldiers wearing red uniforms.
Second Continental Congress: meeting of delegates from 12 colonies in Philadelphia in May 1775.
Continental Army: army created by the Second Continental Congress to carry out the fight against Britain.
George Washington: the Virginian who commanded the Continental Army.
Battle of Bunker Hill: battle won by the British but with double the American losses.
1. First Continental Congress
· Delegates to the First Continental Congress were worried about the relationship between Great Britain and its American Colonies.
· Delegates debated whether violence was avoidable
o They encouraged the peaceful boycott of British goods but also began to prepare for war.
o They drafted a Declaration of Rights but King George refused to consider it.
2. “Shot Heard ‘Round the World”
· On April 19, 1775 700 Redcoats set out for Concord.
o A British general sent the soldiers to destroy a weapons storehouse they thought was there.
o Three colonists rode out on horseback to warn that the British were coming. Seventy armed minutemen waited for the British at Lexington.
o Nobody knows who fired the first shot
o The British killed eight minutemen then went on to Concord where they destroyed a few buildings.
o In reaction the minutemen fired on the Redcoats.
o The British suffered many casualties and were forced to retreat.
3. Second Continental Congress
· At the Second Continental Congress some delegates called for war while others wanted peace.
· The congress named the Massachusetts militia the Continental Army.
o The commander was George Washington.
· Delegates signed the Olive Branch Petition asking King George to make peace.
o He would not consider it.
4. Early Battles
· On June 17, 1775, the British in Boston found colonial forces dug in on Breed’s Hill. When the British crossed the harbor in boats to take the hill, the colonists opened fire.
o The British took the hill on their third try.
· The Battle of Bunker Hill proved the colonists could hold their own.
o Soon after, General Washington took command of the Continental Army in Boston.
o He set up cannons from Fort Ticonderoga to fire on the British. On March 7, 1776, the British retreated from Boston.
Section 2 Notes
4.2 Vocabulary:
Common Sense: a 47 page pamphlet that argued against British rule over America.
Thomas Paine: author of Common Sense, who wrote that citizens, not monarchs, should make laws.
Thomas Jefferson: the main author of the Declaration of Independence.
Declaration of Independence: the document that formally announced the colonies’ break from Great Britain.
Loyalists: colonists, sometimes called Tories, who remained loyal to Britain.
1. Paine’s Common Sense
a. Common Sense was published anonymously, or without the name of its author, who was Thomas Paine. At this time the idea that citizens should pass laws made the news.
b. As word of the pamphlet spread throughout the colonies, it eventually sold about 500,000 copies.
c. The pamphlet made a strong case for political and economic freedom.
d. Supported the right to military self-defense.
e. Changed the way many colonists viewed their king.
2. Independence is Declared
a. The first point argued by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence was that all men possess unalienable rights, or rights that cannot be denied.
b. These rights include: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
c. He also maintained that King George III had trampled on the colonists’ rights by supporting unfair laws and wrongly meddling in colonial governments.
d. He also argued that the colonies had the right to independence from Britain.
e. He believed in the Enlightenment idea of the social contract, which says that citizens should agree to be governed only when rulers and governments support their rights.
f. King George III had violated the social contract so the colonies should not obey his laws.
g. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence.
h. In approving the Declaration, the Congress finally broke away from Great Britain.
i. Today we celebrate the Fourth of July as the birthday of our nation.
j. Not everyone rejoiced over the approval of the Declaration.
k. Patriots and Loyalists became divided.
l. Sometimes family members were on opposite sides during the war.
m. More than 50,000 Loyalists left the colonies during the Revolution.
3. Unfinished Business:
a. Looking back, we realize that the Declaration paid no attention to many colonists.
b. Abigail Adams, wife of delegate John Adams, tried to influence him to include women in the Declaration.
c. It didn’t happen
d. Enslaved African Americans also had no rights under the Declaration.
e. Slavery was legal in all colonies in July 1776.
f. The Revolutionary War would not end the battle over slavery, even though New England states moved to end it by the 1780’s.
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Common Sense: a 47 page pamphlet that argued against British rule over America.
Thomas Paine: author of Common Sense, who wrote that citizens, not monarchs, should make laws.
Thomas Jefferson: the main author of the Declaration of Independence.
Declaration of Independence: the document that formally announced the colonies’ break from Great Britain.
Loyalists: colonists, sometimes called Tories, who remained loyal to Britain.
1. Paine’s Common Sense
a. Common Sense was published anonymously, or without the name of its author, who was Thomas Paine. At this time the idea that citizens should pass laws made the news.
b. As word of the pamphlet spread throughout the colonies, it eventually sold about 500,000 copies.
c. The pamphlet made a strong case for political and economic freedom.
d. Supported the right to military self-defense.
e. Changed the way many colonists viewed their king.
2. Independence is Declared
a. The first point argued by Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence was that all men possess unalienable rights, or rights that cannot be denied.
b. These rights include: life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
c. He also maintained that King George III had trampled on the colonists’ rights by supporting unfair laws and wrongly meddling in colonial governments.
d. He also argued that the colonies had the right to independence from Britain.
e. He believed in the Enlightenment idea of the social contract, which says that citizens should agree to be governed only when rulers and governments support their rights.
f. King George III had violated the social contract so the colonies should not obey his laws.
g. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence.
h. In approving the Declaration, the Congress finally broke away from Great Britain.
i. Today we celebrate the Fourth of July as the birthday of our nation.
j. Not everyone rejoiced over the approval of the Declaration.
k. Patriots and Loyalists became divided.
l. Sometimes family members were on opposite sides during the war.
m. More than 50,000 Loyalists left the colonies during the Revolution.
3. Unfinished Business:
a. Looking back, we realize that the Declaration paid no attention to many colonists.
b. Abigail Adams, wife of delegate John Adams, tried to influence him to include women in the Declaration.
c. It didn’t happen
d. Enslaved African Americans also had no rights under the Declaration.
e. Slavery was legal in all colonies in July 1776.
f. The Revolutionary War would not end the battle over slavery, even though New England states moved to end it by the 1780’s.
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Section 3
Section3
Vocabulary:
Mercenaries: foreign soldiers who fought not out of loyalty, but for pay.
Battle of Trenton: a battle won by the Patriots against mercenary Hessians.
Battle of Saratoga: a great victory for the American forces in which British General John Burgoyne surrendered his entire army to American General Horatio Gates.
Marquis de Lafayette:a Frenchman who volunteered to serve in the Continental Army without pay and used his money and influence to support the Patriots.
Baron Friedrich von Steuben: a Prussian military officer who trained the Continental Army.
Bernardo de Galvez: the governor of Spanish Louisiana, who became a Patriot ally
John Paul Jones: a brave and clever naval commander.
George Rogers Clark: a surveyor who led the Patriots western campaign.
Strategy: a plan for fighting a battle or war
1. Supporting the War Effort:
a. Life in the army was hard, but the Patriots knew they were fighting for an important cause.
b. More than 230,000 young men served in the Continental Army.
c. After the British promised to free any slaves who fought for them, the Continental Army allowed free African Americans to serve.
d. Women played an important role in the war by helping to supply the army and serving as messengers, nurses, and spies.
2. Defeats and Victories
a. At first the Continental Army lost several battles, but then the Patriots won an important victory.
b. British General Howe, who thought the rebellion would soon be over left New Jersey in the hands of Hessian mercenaries.
c. The Patriots surprised the Hessians and won the Battle of Trenton.
d. British General John Burgoyne planned to cut off New England from the other colonies.
e. His strategy required perfect timing.
f. The patriots surrounded Burgoyne and won the Battle of Saratoga, which was the turning point of the war.
3. Help from Europe
a. Britain’s enemies, France and Spain, began to help the Patriots. Holland also helped the Patriots.
b. The Marquis de Lafayette, Baron Friedrich von Steuben, and Bernardo de Galvez joined the war on the Patriots side.
4. Winter at Valley Forge
a. The winter of 1777 turned brutally cold and snowy.
b. General Washington settled his troops at Valley Forge, where they bore hardships with courage and drilled to become better soldiers.
5. War at Sea and in the West
a. The small Continental Navy sunk hundreds of British ships.
b. John Paul Jones fought a battle with the British in which his ship took heavy damage.
c. He continued to fight on and the British ships surrendered.
d. In the West, George Rogers Clark led Patriots against British trading villages and Fort Sackville.
e. Clark’s campaigns hurt British support in the west.
Section 4
Section 4
Vocabulary:
Francis Marion: a Patriot leader who used hit and run attacks, known as guerrilla warfare.
Comte de Rochambeau: commander of 4,000 French troops that aided the Patriot forces at the Battle of Yorktown
Battle of Yorktown: the last major battle of the American Revolution.
Treaty of Paris of 1783: the peace agreement in which Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
1.War in the South
a. The war in the northern colonies did not go as the British government had hoped.
b.The northern Patriots were tough to beat.
c. The British moved the war into the South, where they believed large groups of Loyalists would help them win.
d.General Henry Clinton led the British troops.
e. The British plan worked at first.
f. The war in the South proved especially nasty.
g. Patriots and Loyalists engaged in direct fighting.
h.The British wiped out crops, farm animals, and property.
i. Georgia fell to the British. Next, the British conquered the port of Charleston, SC
j. The Patriots failed to retake Camden, SC.
k. Patriot General Nathanael Greene arrived to shape up the army.
l. Meanwhile, under the leadership of Francis Marion, the Southern patriots used surprise attacks to cut off British communication and supply lines.
m. The British could not capture Marion and his men.
2.Battle of Yorktown
a. The Patriots were in trouble in early 1781.
b.They had little money for paying soldiers and buying supplies.
c. The British held most of the South as well as Philadelphia and New York.
d.The Continental Army began to pressure the British in the Carolinas.
e. General Charles Cornwallis moved his 7,200 men to Yorktown, Virginia.
f. In New York, General Washington combined his troops with French troops commanded by Comte de Rochambeau
g. Washington marched his force to Virginia in hopes of trapping Cornwallis in Yorktown.
h.With 16,000 soldiers, Washington’s force surrounded Cornwallis. For weeks the French-American force wore down the British troops.
i. Finally the British surrendered.
j. The Patriots captured 8,000 British prisoners at the Battle of Yorktown.
3.The Treaty of Paris
a. Britain lost most of its army at Yorktown and could not afford a new one.
b.So Great Britain and America began peace talks.
c. Delegates took more than two years to reach a peace agreement.
d.The Treaty of Paris of 1783 gave the United States independence from Great Britain.
e. It also created America’s borders. In a separate treaty, Britain returned Florida to the Spanish.
f. The Patriots courage had won the Revolutionary War.
Vocabulary:
Francis Marion: a Patriot leader who used hit and run attacks, known as guerrilla warfare.
Comte de Rochambeau: commander of 4,000 French troops that aided the Patriot forces at the Battle of Yorktown
Battle of Yorktown: the last major battle of the American Revolution.
Treaty of Paris of 1783: the peace agreement in which Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
1.War in the South
a. The war in the northern colonies did not go as the British government had hoped.
b.The northern Patriots were tough to beat.
c. The British moved the war into the South, where they believed large groups of Loyalists would help them win.
d.General Henry Clinton led the British troops.
e. The British plan worked at first.
f. The war in the South proved especially nasty.
g. Patriots and Loyalists engaged in direct fighting.
h.The British wiped out crops, farm animals, and property.
i. Georgia fell to the British. Next, the British conquered the port of Charleston, SC
j. The Patriots failed to retake Camden, SC.
k. Patriot General Nathanael Greene arrived to shape up the army.
l. Meanwhile, under the leadership of Francis Marion, the Southern patriots used surprise attacks to cut off British communication and supply lines.
m. The British could not capture Marion and his men.
2.Battle of Yorktown
a. The Patriots were in trouble in early 1781.
b.They had little money for paying soldiers and buying supplies.
c. The British held most of the South as well as Philadelphia and New York.
d.The Continental Army began to pressure the British in the Carolinas.
e. General Charles Cornwallis moved his 7,200 men to Yorktown, Virginia.
f. In New York, General Washington combined his troops with French troops commanded by Comte de Rochambeau
g. Washington marched his force to Virginia in hopes of trapping Cornwallis in Yorktown.
h.With 16,000 soldiers, Washington’s force surrounded Cornwallis. For weeks the French-American force wore down the British troops.
i. Finally the British surrendered.
j. The Patriots captured 8,000 British prisoners at the Battle of Yorktown.
3.The Treaty of Paris
a. Britain lost most of its army at Yorktown and could not afford a new one.
b.So Great Britain and America began peace talks.
c. Delegates took more than two years to reach a peace agreement.
d.The Treaty of Paris of 1783 gave the United States independence from Great Britain.
e. It also created America’s borders. In a separate treaty, Britain returned Florida to the Spanish.
f. The Patriots courage had won the Revolutionary War.