Chapter 8 Section 4 Notes:
Chapter 8 Section 4 Notes:
1. Early Battles:
a. In 1812 the United States launched a war against a dominant nation.
b. The British navy had hundreds of ships, the US navy had less than 20.
c. The US planned to attack Canada from Detroit, from Niagara Falls and from the Hudson River Valley toward Montreal.
d. British soldiers and Native Americans led by Tecumseh took Fort Detroit.
e. State militia doomed the other two attacks against Canada by arguing that they were not required to fight in a foreign country.
f. In 1813 the US planned to end Britain’s rule of Lake Erie.
g. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry and his small fleet won the Battle of Lake Erie.
h. General Harrison then marched his troops into Canada.
i. He defeated a combined force of British and Native Americans, breaking Britains power.
j. Tecumseh died in the fighting, harming the alliance of the British and the Native Americans.
k. In 1814 Andrew Jackson won a battle against the Creek nation that ended in the Treaty of Fort Jackson.
2. Great Britain on the Offensive
a. The British sent more troops to America after defeating the French in 1814.
b. The British set fire to the White House and other buildings in Washington DC.
c. The British also attacked New Orleans.
d. Andrew Jackson commanded forces made up of regular soldiers.
e. They included two battalions of free African Americans, a group of Choctaw Indian militia, and pirates led by Jean Lafitte.
f. Although Jackson’s forces were outnumbered, America won the Battle of New Orleans, the last key battle of the war.
g. Andrew Jackson became a war hero.
3. Effects of the War
a. Before Federalist delegates from the Hartford Convention reached Washington, the war had ended.
b. Slow communications meant that neither Jackson nor the Federalists heard that they Treaty of Ghent finished the war.
c. Each nation gave back the territory it had conquered.
d. The war had consequences: intense patriotism in America as well as growth of American manufacturing.
1. Early Battles:
a. In 1812 the United States launched a war against a dominant nation.
b. The British navy had hundreds of ships, the US navy had less than 20.
c. The US planned to attack Canada from Detroit, from Niagara Falls and from the Hudson River Valley toward Montreal.
d. British soldiers and Native Americans led by Tecumseh took Fort Detroit.
e. State militia doomed the other two attacks against Canada by arguing that they were not required to fight in a foreign country.
f. In 1813 the US planned to end Britain’s rule of Lake Erie.
g. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry and his small fleet won the Battle of Lake Erie.
h. General Harrison then marched his troops into Canada.
i. He defeated a combined force of British and Native Americans, breaking Britains power.
j. Tecumseh died in the fighting, harming the alliance of the British and the Native Americans.
k. In 1814 Andrew Jackson won a battle against the Creek nation that ended in the Treaty of Fort Jackson.
2. Great Britain on the Offensive
a. The British sent more troops to America after defeating the French in 1814.
b. The British set fire to the White House and other buildings in Washington DC.
c. The British also attacked New Orleans.
d. Andrew Jackson commanded forces made up of regular soldiers.
e. They included two battalions of free African Americans, a group of Choctaw Indian militia, and pirates led by Jean Lafitte.
f. Although Jackson’s forces were outnumbered, America won the Battle of New Orleans, the last key battle of the war.
g. Andrew Jackson became a war hero.
3. Effects of the War
a. Before Federalist delegates from the Hartford Convention reached Washington, the war had ended.
b. Slow communications meant that neither Jackson nor the Federalists heard that they Treaty of Ghent finished the war.
c. Each nation gave back the territory it had conquered.
d. The war had consequences: intense patriotism in America as well as growth of American manufacturing.
Chapter 8 Section 3 Notes:
1. Violations of Neutrality
a. In the late 1700s and early 1800s American merchant ships sailed the oceans.
b. Overseas trade was dangerous but could be profitable.
c. Pirates seized cargo and held crews for ransom
d. The U.S. sent the USS Constitution and other ships to end the attacks.
e. When Great Britain and France declared war in 1803, each tried to stop selling goods to the other.
f. They both searched many US ships for war goods and sailors.
g. At times US citizens were seized by accident.
h. Jefferson was re-elected in 1804 favored an embargo (banning trade) rather than war with Britain.
i. In 1807 the Embargo Act was passed to punish Britain and Spain.
j. American merchants lost a large amount of money because of it.
k. In 1809 they replaced the embargo act with the non-Intercourse Act, which didn’t work either.
2. Conflict in the West
a. In the West Native Americans, the U.S. and Great Britain clashed.
b. Settlers began moving west and taking over the Native American’s land which they thought was unfair.
c. Tecumseh united his forces with the Creek nation.
d. William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, raised an army to battle Tecumseh.
e. At the end of the day-long Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison’s forces defeated the Native Americans.
3. Call for War
a. War Hawks in Congress led in demanding war against Britain.
b. Leaders wanted to end the British influence on Native Americans.
c. Others opposed war against Britain, they thought American lacked strength to win.
d. In 1808 Republican James Madison was elected
president.
e. He had trouble carrying out the unpopular trade policy.
f. In 1812 he asked Congress to vote on whether to go to war against Britain.
g. Congress voted to declare war.
h. Madison was elected again.
i. He became commander in chief in the War of 1812
a. In the late 1700s and early 1800s American merchant ships sailed the oceans.
b. Overseas trade was dangerous but could be profitable.
c. Pirates seized cargo and held crews for ransom
d. The U.S. sent the USS Constitution and other ships to end the attacks.
e. When Great Britain and France declared war in 1803, each tried to stop selling goods to the other.
f. They both searched many US ships for war goods and sailors.
g. At times US citizens were seized by accident.
h. Jefferson was re-elected in 1804 favored an embargo (banning trade) rather than war with Britain.
i. In 1807 the Embargo Act was passed to punish Britain and Spain.
j. American merchants lost a large amount of money because of it.
k. In 1809 they replaced the embargo act with the non-Intercourse Act, which didn’t work either.
2. Conflict in the West
a. In the West Native Americans, the U.S. and Great Britain clashed.
b. Settlers began moving west and taking over the Native American’s land which they thought was unfair.
c. Tecumseh united his forces with the Creek nation.
d. William Henry Harrison, the governor of the Indiana Territory, raised an army to battle Tecumseh.
e. At the end of the day-long Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison’s forces defeated the Native Americans.
3. Call for War
a. War Hawks in Congress led in demanding war against Britain.
b. Leaders wanted to end the British influence on Native Americans.
c. Others opposed war against Britain, they thought American lacked strength to win.
d. In 1808 Republican James Madison was elected
president.
e. He had trouble carrying out the unpopular trade policy.
f. In 1812 he asked Congress to vote on whether to go to war against Britain.
g. Congress voted to declare war.
h. Madison was elected again.
i. He became commander in chief in the War of 1812
Chapter 8 Section 2 Notes:
1. American Settlers Move West
a. Thousands of Americans moved into the area between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River.
b. The setters used the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to move their products to eastern markets.
c. Jefferson was concerned that a foreign power might shut down the port of New Orleans.
d. Under a secret treaty, Spain gave Louisiana to France, transferring the problem of trying to keep Americans out of Louisiana.
2. Louisiana Purchase
a. In 1802 before giving Louisiana to France, Spain shut American shipping out of New Orleans.
b. Jefferson sent U.S. representatives to France to buy New Orleans.
c. Napoleon ruled France.
d. He wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America.
e. Napoleon had no base for a conquest of Louisiana
f. He also needed money to wage war against Great Britain.
g. The U.S. bought the western territory for $15 million in the Louisiana Purchase.
3. Expeditions Uncover the West
a. Western Native Americans and the land they lived on were a mystery.
b. President Jefferson wanted to know about them and their land.
c. He also wondered if there was a river route to the Pacific Ocean.
d. In 1803 Congress provided money to explore the West.
e. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosen to lead the Lewis and Clark expedition, which began in May 1804.
f. Lewis and Clark and their crew traveled up the Missouri River.
g. Finally they saw Native Americans, Lewis used interpreters to tell their leaders that the U.S. now owned the land on which they lived.
h. Sacagawea and her husband aided Lewis and Clark. Lewis and Clark did not find a river route to the Pacific, but they learned much about western lands.
i. In 1806 Zebulon Pike was sent to locate the Red River, which was the Louisiana Territories border with New Spain.
j. In present-day Colorado he reached the summit of Pike’s Peak.
k. Spanish cavalry arrested him in Spanish-held lands and imprison him.
l. When he was released to the U.S. and reported on his trip he gave many Americans their first information on the Southwest.
a. Thousands of Americans moved into the area between the Appalachians and the Mississippi River.
b. The setters used the Mississippi and Ohio rivers to move their products to eastern markets.
c. Jefferson was concerned that a foreign power might shut down the port of New Orleans.
d. Under a secret treaty, Spain gave Louisiana to France, transferring the problem of trying to keep Americans out of Louisiana.
2. Louisiana Purchase
a. In 1802 before giving Louisiana to France, Spain shut American shipping out of New Orleans.
b. Jefferson sent U.S. representatives to France to buy New Orleans.
c. Napoleon ruled France.
d. He wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America.
e. Napoleon had no base for a conquest of Louisiana
f. He also needed money to wage war against Great Britain.
g. The U.S. bought the western territory for $15 million in the Louisiana Purchase.
3. Expeditions Uncover the West
a. Western Native Americans and the land they lived on were a mystery.
b. President Jefferson wanted to know about them and their land.
c. He also wondered if there was a river route to the Pacific Ocean.
d. In 1803 Congress provided money to explore the West.
e. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were chosen to lead the Lewis and Clark expedition, which began in May 1804.
f. Lewis and Clark and their crew traveled up the Missouri River.
g. Finally they saw Native Americans, Lewis used interpreters to tell their leaders that the U.S. now owned the land on which they lived.
h. Sacagawea and her husband aided Lewis and Clark. Lewis and Clark did not find a river route to the Pacific, but they learned much about western lands.
i. In 1806 Zebulon Pike was sent to locate the Red River, which was the Louisiana Territories border with New Spain.
j. In present-day Colorado he reached the summit of Pike’s Peak.
k. Spanish cavalry arrested him in Spanish-held lands and imprison him.
l. When he was released to the U.S. and reported on his trip he gave many Americans their first information on the Southwest.
Chapter 7 Section 4 Notes
1.The Election of 1796
a. In the election 1796 more than one candidate ran for president.
b.Political parties had started during Washington’s presidency.
c. Washington cautioned against party rivalry in his farewell, but rivalry dominated the 1796 election.
d.Alexander Hamilton was key in founding the Federalist Party.
e. John Adams and Thomas Pinckney were the Federalist candidates.
f. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison helped found the Democratic-Republican Party.
g. The (D-R) party selected Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr as its candidates.
h.Business people in cities tended to support Adams.
i. Farmers generally favored Jefferson.
j. Both sides attacked each other.
k. Adams won; Jefferson was second.
l. He and Jefferson then had to serve as president and vice president.
2.President Adams and the XYZ Affair
a. Adams made improving the relationship between the U.S. and France a high priority.
b.France was unhappy when the United States refused to let its citizens join in the war against Britain.
c. Adams sent U.S. diplomats to repair that problem and make a treaty to guard U.S. shipping.
d.The French foreign minister refused to meet with them.
e. Three French agents said that the minister would discuss a treaty only if America paid a $250,000 bribe AND gave a $12 million loan.
f. The American public became furious about the XYZ affair.
g. Still, Adams did not declare war on France.
h.This angered many other Federalists.
i. At last the U.S. and France did negotiate a peace treaty.
3.The Alien and Sedition Acts
a. The Alien and Sedition Acts, passed by Federalists in Congress, became law in 1798.
b.The Alien Act empowered the president to remove foreign residents he decided were involved in any treasonable or secret plots against the government.
c. The Sedition Act forbid U.S. residents to “write, print, utter, or publish” false or critical words against the government.
d.The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that the states could disobey unconstitutional federal laws.
e. Congress did not repeal the acts, though they were not renewed.
f. The resolutions presented the view that states could dispute the federal government.
g. Later politicians would say this idea meant that the states could declare laws or actions of the federal government to be illegal.
a. In the election 1796 more than one candidate ran for president.
b.Political parties had started during Washington’s presidency.
c. Washington cautioned against party rivalry in his farewell, but rivalry dominated the 1796 election.
d.Alexander Hamilton was key in founding the Federalist Party.
e. John Adams and Thomas Pinckney were the Federalist candidates.
f. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison helped found the Democratic-Republican Party.
g. The (D-R) party selected Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr as its candidates.
h.Business people in cities tended to support Adams.
i. Farmers generally favored Jefferson.
j. Both sides attacked each other.
k. Adams won; Jefferson was second.
l. He and Jefferson then had to serve as president and vice president.
2.President Adams and the XYZ Affair
a. Adams made improving the relationship between the U.S. and France a high priority.
b.France was unhappy when the United States refused to let its citizens join in the war against Britain.
c. Adams sent U.S. diplomats to repair that problem and make a treaty to guard U.S. shipping.
d.The French foreign minister refused to meet with them.
e. Three French agents said that the minister would discuss a treaty only if America paid a $250,000 bribe AND gave a $12 million loan.
f. The American public became furious about the XYZ affair.
g. Still, Adams did not declare war on France.
h.This angered many other Federalists.
i. At last the U.S. and France did negotiate a peace treaty.
3.The Alien and Sedition Acts
a. The Alien and Sedition Acts, passed by Federalists in Congress, became law in 1798.
b.The Alien Act empowered the president to remove foreign residents he decided were involved in any treasonable or secret plots against the government.
c. The Sedition Act forbid U.S. residents to “write, print, utter, or publish” false or critical words against the government.
d.The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that the states could disobey unconstitutional federal laws.
e. Congress did not repeal the acts, though they were not renewed.
f. The resolutions presented the view that states could dispute the federal government.
g. Later politicians would say this idea meant that the states could declare laws or actions of the federal government to be illegal.
Chapter 7 Section 3 Notes
1. Conflict in
the Northwest Territory
a. Americans continued to settle territory despite protests of American Indians.
b. US forces lost a battle to Miami chief Little Turtle.
c. General Anthony Wayne commanded US troops in gaining the territory at last.5th Hour
d. The American Indians were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timber and their leaders signed the Treaty of Greenville a year later.
2. The Whiskey Rebellion
a. In March 1791 Congress passed a tax on American-made whiskey.2nd Hour
b. The Whiskey Rebellion broke out.
c. Washington personally led the army against the rebels in western Pennsylvania, but they fled.
d. The revolt ended with no battle
3. Washington Says Farewell
a. Washington declined to run for a third term
b. He had tired of public life and considered the American people the nation’s leaders.
c. In his farewell speech, he warned about the dangers of foreign ties and political conflicts at home.
d. He also cautioned against too much debt.
e. At the conclusion of his speech, he stated that he looked forward to a life “of good laws under a free government…”
a. Americans continued to settle territory despite protests of American Indians.
b. US forces lost a battle to Miami chief Little Turtle.
c. General Anthony Wayne commanded US troops in gaining the territory at last.5th Hour
d. The American Indians were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timber and their leaders signed the Treaty of Greenville a year later.
2. The Whiskey Rebellion
a. In March 1791 Congress passed a tax on American-made whiskey.2nd Hour
b. The Whiskey Rebellion broke out.
c. Washington personally led the army against the rebels in western Pennsylvania, but they fled.
d. The revolt ended with no battle
3. Washington Says Farewell
a. Washington declined to run for a third term
b. He had tired of public life and considered the American people the nation’s leaders.
c. In his farewell speech, he warned about the dangers of foreign ties and political conflicts at home.
d. He also cautioned against too much debt.
e. At the conclusion of his speech, he stated that he looked forward to a life “of good laws under a free government…”
Chapter 7 Section 2 Notes:
1.Settling the Debt
a. Alexander Hamilton wanted to pay off the national debt. He figured that the US owed $11.7 million to foreign countries.
b.The nation also owed about $40.4 million to US citizens.
c. During the Revolutionary War the government sold bonds to raise money.
d.Officials said bonds would be repurchased at a higher price.
e. Some bondholders sold their bonds to speculators.
f. Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagreed on what to do.
g. The government replaced old bonds with new, more reliable ones.
h.Hamilton thought that the federal government should repay $21.5 million of the state’s debt.
i. Southern leaders objected.
j. Their states had relatively low debts.
k. Hamilton arranged to have the US capital’s location changed from New York to Philadelphia and finally Washington, DC.
l. Southern leaders then supported his plan.
2.Hamilton Versus Jefferson
a. Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about the role of the central government.
b.Hamilton wanted a strong federal government.
c. Jefferson wanted strong powers for the states.
d.Hamilton did not want people to have much power because he had little faith in the average person.
e. Jefferson believed that the people had right to rule the country.
f. Hamilton backed manufacturing, business, and higher tariffs.
g. Jefferson backed farming and lower tariffs.
3.The debate over the bank
a. In 1791 Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about the government’s economic problems.
b.Hamilton wanted a national bank so the government could safely deposit money.
c. Jefferson believed that Hamilton’s plan gave too much power to the federal government.
d.Hamilton supported loose construction of the Constitution.
e. Jefferson supported the strict construction.
f. Washington and Congress wanted the Bank of the United States.
g. It helped make the US economy more stable.
a. Alexander Hamilton wanted to pay off the national debt. He figured that the US owed $11.7 million to foreign countries.
b.The nation also owed about $40.4 million to US citizens.
c. During the Revolutionary War the government sold bonds to raise money.
d.Officials said bonds would be repurchased at a higher price.
e. Some bondholders sold their bonds to speculators.
f. Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagreed on what to do.
g. The government replaced old bonds with new, more reliable ones.
h.Hamilton thought that the federal government should repay $21.5 million of the state’s debt.
i. Southern leaders objected.
j. Their states had relatively low debts.
k. Hamilton arranged to have the US capital’s location changed from New York to Philadelphia and finally Washington, DC.
l. Southern leaders then supported his plan.
2.Hamilton Versus Jefferson
a. Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about the role of the central government.
b.Hamilton wanted a strong federal government.
c. Jefferson wanted strong powers for the states.
d.Hamilton did not want people to have much power because he had little faith in the average person.
e. Jefferson believed that the people had right to rule the country.
f. Hamilton backed manufacturing, business, and higher tariffs.
g. Jefferson backed farming and lower tariffs.
3.The debate over the bank
a. In 1791 Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed about the government’s economic problems.
b.Hamilton wanted a national bank so the government could safely deposit money.
c. Jefferson believed that Hamilton’s plan gave too much power to the federal government.
d.Hamilton supported loose construction of the Constitution.
e. Jefferson supported the strict construction.
f. Washington and Congress wanted the Bank of the United States.
g. It helped make the US economy more stable.
Chapter 7 Section 1 Notes:
Notes on
Chapter 7 Section 1
1. The First President
a. George Washington was unanimously elected by the electoral college in January 1789.
b. John Adams became his Vice President.
c. Martha Washington entertained and accompanied her husband at social events.
d. She was in charge of the presidential household.
e. Other women such as Abigal Adams (John’s wife) believed women needed to play a larger role in the nation than Martha did.
f. They thought that women should take a more important role in society because they educated their children to be good citizens.
2. Organizing the Government
a. The new federal government had to establish a precedent when creating policies and procedures that would have a great influence on the future of the nation.
b. Congress formed departments in the executive branch to oversee various areas of national policy.
c. Washington consulted with department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him.
d. Today’s presidents also meet with their key advisors.
e. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which created the federal court system and the courts location.
f. The president nominates candidates for federal judgeships.
g. The Senate holds the power to approve or reject the candidates.
3. American’s Expectations of Government
a. Americans had high expectations of their government.
b. They wanted trade that did not have the limits put in place by the British Parliament.
c. They also expected the government to protect them and keep the economy strong.
d. In 1790 4 million people lived in the US.
e. Most Americans worked on farms.
f. They hoped for fair taxes and the right to move onto Western Lands.
g. American’s who lived in towns worked as craftspeople, laborers, or merchants.
h. They wanted help with their businesses.
i. Merchants wanted simpler trade laws.
j. Manufacturers wanted laws to shield them from overseas competitors.
k. Most cities were small, Only New York and Philadelphia had 25,000 residents.
l. New York City was the first capital and reflected the new nation’s spirit.
m. In 1792 some 24 Wall Street stockbrokers signed an agreement that eventually created the New York Stock Exchange.
1. The First President
a. George Washington was unanimously elected by the electoral college in January 1789.
b. John Adams became his Vice President.
c. Martha Washington entertained and accompanied her husband at social events.
d. She was in charge of the presidential household.
e. Other women such as Abigal Adams (John’s wife) believed women needed to play a larger role in the nation than Martha did.
f. They thought that women should take a more important role in society because they educated their children to be good citizens.
2. Organizing the Government
a. The new federal government had to establish a precedent when creating policies and procedures that would have a great influence on the future of the nation.
b. Congress formed departments in the executive branch to oversee various areas of national policy.
c. Washington consulted with department heads, or cabinet members, who advised him.
d. Today’s presidents also meet with their key advisors.
e. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which created the federal court system and the courts location.
f. The president nominates candidates for federal judgeships.
g. The Senate holds the power to approve or reject the candidates.
3. American’s Expectations of Government
a. Americans had high expectations of their government.
b. They wanted trade that did not have the limits put in place by the British Parliament.
c. They also expected the government to protect them and keep the economy strong.
d. In 1790 4 million people lived in the US.
e. Most Americans worked on farms.
f. They hoped for fair taxes and the right to move onto Western Lands.
g. American’s who lived in towns worked as craftspeople, laborers, or merchants.
h. They wanted help with their businesses.
i. Merchants wanted simpler trade laws.
j. Manufacturers wanted laws to shield them from overseas competitors.
k. Most cities were small, Only New York and Philadelphia had 25,000 residents.
l. New York City was the first capital and reflected the new nation’s spirit.
m. In 1792 some 24 Wall Street stockbrokers signed an agreement that eventually created the New York Stock Exchange.
Chapter 6 Section 3 Notes
Chapter 6
Section 3 Notes:
1. Gaining U.S. Citizenship
a. Naturalized citizens of the US may become full citizens.
b. Naturalized citizens of the US are:
· Foreign born people who live in the US
· Whose parents are not citizens
· Who complete the requirements of US citizenship
c. They must go through the process and apply to become a citizen.
d. They have most of the rights and responsibilities of other citizens.
e. Legal immigrants cannot vote or hold public office.
f. The US government can deport immigrants who break the law.
g. Legal immigrants over 18 may seek naturalization after living in the US for 5 years.
h. After completing the requirements the person stands before a naturalization court and takes an oath of allegiance to the US.
i. They then receive a certificate of naturalization.
j. Two differences between naturalized citizen and native-born citizens are:
· Naturalized citizens can lose their citizenship
· Naturalized citizens cannot become president or vice president.
2. Duties of Citizenship
a. Citizens have duties as well as rights.
b. Citizens must obey laws and authority.
c. They must pay taxes for services, including public roads and public schools.
d. Americans pay a tax on their income to the federal and sometimes state government.
e. Men 18 years or older must register with selective service in case of a draft.
f. Citizens must serve on juries to give others the right to a trial by jury.
3. Citizens and Government
a. Voting in elections is one of a citizen’s most important responsibilities.
b. Before voting a citizen must find out as much as possible about the issues and candidates.
c. Anyone can help in a campaign, even people who are not eligible to vote.
d. Many people help with donations to political action committees (PACs)
e. Many citizens work with special interest groups.
f. Citizens can also work alone in elections or politics in general.
g. Many dedicated Americans also volunteer in community service groups such as local firefighters or neighborhood Watch groups that tell police if they see possible criminal activity in the area.
h. Simple acts such as picking up trash or serving food at a food shelter help a community.
1. Gaining U.S. Citizenship
a. Naturalized citizens of the US may become full citizens.
b. Naturalized citizens of the US are:
· Foreign born people who live in the US
· Whose parents are not citizens
· Who complete the requirements of US citizenship
c. They must go through the process and apply to become a citizen.
d. They have most of the rights and responsibilities of other citizens.
e. Legal immigrants cannot vote or hold public office.
f. The US government can deport immigrants who break the law.
g. Legal immigrants over 18 may seek naturalization after living in the US for 5 years.
h. After completing the requirements the person stands before a naturalization court and takes an oath of allegiance to the US.
i. They then receive a certificate of naturalization.
j. Two differences between naturalized citizen and native-born citizens are:
· Naturalized citizens can lose their citizenship
· Naturalized citizens cannot become president or vice president.
2. Duties of Citizenship
a. Citizens have duties as well as rights.
b. Citizens must obey laws and authority.
c. They must pay taxes for services, including public roads and public schools.
d. Americans pay a tax on their income to the federal and sometimes state government.
e. Men 18 years or older must register with selective service in case of a draft.
f. Citizens must serve on juries to give others the right to a trial by jury.
3. Citizens and Government
a. Voting in elections is one of a citizen’s most important responsibilities.
b. Before voting a citizen must find out as much as possible about the issues and candidates.
c. Anyone can help in a campaign, even people who are not eligible to vote.
d. Many people help with donations to political action committees (PACs)
e. Many citizens work with special interest groups.
f. Citizens can also work alone in elections or politics in general.
g. Many dedicated Americans also volunteer in community service groups such as local firefighters or neighborhood Watch groups that tell police if they see possible criminal activity in the area.
h. Simple acts such as picking up trash or serving food at a food shelter help a community.
Chapter 6 Section 2 Notes
Chapter 6
Section 2 Notes:
1. First Amendment
a. James Madison began writing a list of amendments to the Constitution in 1789.
b. The states ratified 10 amendments called the Bill of Rights.
c. The Bill of Rights protects all people.
d. The First Amendment includes:
· freedom of religion
· freedom of the press
· freedom of speech
· freedom of assembly and the right to petition.
2. Protecting Citizens
a. The Second, Third, and Fourth Amendments stem from colonial problems with Britain.
b. The Second Amendment gives state militia the right to bear arms in emergencies.
c. The Third Amendment protects citizens against housing soldiers.
d. The Fourth Amendment protects against certain “searches and seizures”
e. Authorities must obtain a search warrant to enter a citizen’s property.
3. Rights of the Accused
a. The Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Amendments guard the rights of the accused.
b. The Fifth Amendment says that the government cannot take a person’s life, liberty, or property without ue process.
c. A grand jury decides whether to indict a person,
d. No one can face double jeopardy.
e. Under eminent domain the government must pay owners a fair amount for their property.
f. The Sixth Amendment protects an indicted person’s rights.
g. The Seventh Amendment says that juries can decide civil cases, usually about money or property.
h. The Eighth Amendment allows bail, or money defendant pay if they fail to appear in court.
i. This amendment also prevents “cruel and unusual punishments” against a person convicted of a crime.
4. Rights of States and Citizen’s
a. The Ninth Amendment states that all citizens’ rights are not given by the Constitution.
b. According to the Tenth Amendment, any powers not delegated to the federal government or prohibited to the states are held by the states and the people.
1. First Amendment
a. James Madison began writing a list of amendments to the Constitution in 1789.
b. The states ratified 10 amendments called the Bill of Rights.
c. The Bill of Rights protects all people.
d. The First Amendment includes:
· freedom of religion
· freedom of the press
· freedom of speech
· freedom of assembly and the right to petition.
2. Protecting Citizens
a. The Second, Third, and Fourth Amendments stem from colonial problems with Britain.
b. The Second Amendment gives state militia the right to bear arms in emergencies.
c. The Third Amendment protects citizens against housing soldiers.
d. The Fourth Amendment protects against certain “searches and seizures”
e. Authorities must obtain a search warrant to enter a citizen’s property.
3. Rights of the Accused
a. The Fifth, Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Amendments guard the rights of the accused.
b. The Fifth Amendment says that the government cannot take a person’s life, liberty, or property without ue process.
c. A grand jury decides whether to indict a person,
d. No one can face double jeopardy.
e. Under eminent domain the government must pay owners a fair amount for their property.
f. The Sixth Amendment protects an indicted person’s rights.
g. The Seventh Amendment says that juries can decide civil cases, usually about money or property.
h. The Eighth Amendment allows bail, or money defendant pay if they fail to appear in court.
i. This amendment also prevents “cruel and unusual punishments” against a person convicted of a crime.
4. Rights of States and Citizen’s
a. The Ninth Amendment states that all citizens’ rights are not given by the Constitution.
b. According to the Tenth Amendment, any powers not delegated to the federal government or prohibited to the states are held by the states and the people.
chapter 6 section 1 notes
Chapter 6 Section 1 Notes:
1. The Federal System
a. Under the federal system, the U.S. Constitution divides powers between the states and the federal government.
b. The Constitution gives the federal government delegated powers, including coining money.
c. It gives state governments or citizens reserved powers, including forming local governments.
d. Concurrent powers are shared by federal and state governments.
e. These powers include taxing.
f. Congress has added powers under the elastic clause to handle new issues.
2. Legislative Branch
a. The federal government has three branches, each with distinct responsibilities.
b. Congress, the legislative branch, has two parts.
c. The House of Representatives has 435 members.
d. A state’s population determines the number of representatives for that state.
e. Each state has two senators.
f. They are elected statewide and represent the interests of the entire state.
3. Executive Branch
a. This branch enforces laws made by Congress.
b. The President heads the branch.
c. Americans elect a president every four years.
d. Presidents are limited to 2 terms.
e. The House of Representatives can impeach the president.
f. The Senate tries the cases.
g. Congress dismisses the president if he or she is found guilty.
h. The president and Congress work together.
i. A president can veto a law passed by Congress.
j. Congress can undo a veto with a 2/3rds majority vote.
k. The president issues executive orders to carry out laws affecting the Constitution and other areas.
l. The president also issues pardons.
4. Judicial Branch
a. A system of federal courts with the U.S. Supreme Court is the head of this branch.
b. Federal Courts can undo a state or federal law if the court finds it unconstitutional.
c. Congress can then change the law to make it constitutional.
d. If someone thinks a conviction was unfair, he or she can take the case to the court of appeals.
e. The losing side in that trial may appeal the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.
f. If the Court declines to hear a case, the court of appeals decision is final.
g. The Supreme Court has become more diverse with the appointments of Thurgood Marshall and Sandra Day O’Connor.
1. The Federal System
a. Under the federal system, the U.S. Constitution divides powers between the states and the federal government.
b. The Constitution gives the federal government delegated powers, including coining money.
c. It gives state governments or citizens reserved powers, including forming local governments.
d. Concurrent powers are shared by federal and state governments.
e. These powers include taxing.
f. Congress has added powers under the elastic clause to handle new issues.
2. Legislative Branch
a. The federal government has three branches, each with distinct responsibilities.
b. Congress, the legislative branch, has two parts.
c. The House of Representatives has 435 members.
d. A state’s population determines the number of representatives for that state.
e. Each state has two senators.
f. They are elected statewide and represent the interests of the entire state.
3. Executive Branch
a. This branch enforces laws made by Congress.
b. The President heads the branch.
c. Americans elect a president every four years.
d. Presidents are limited to 2 terms.
e. The House of Representatives can impeach the president.
f. The Senate tries the cases.
g. Congress dismisses the president if he or she is found guilty.
h. The president and Congress work together.
i. A president can veto a law passed by Congress.
j. Congress can undo a veto with a 2/3rds majority vote.
k. The president issues executive orders to carry out laws affecting the Constitution and other areas.
l. The president also issues pardons.
4. Judicial Branch
a. A system of federal courts with the U.S. Supreme Court is the head of this branch.
b. Federal Courts can undo a state or federal law if the court finds it unconstitutional.
c. Congress can then change the law to make it constitutional.
d. If someone thinks a conviction was unfair, he or she can take the case to the court of appeals.
e. The losing side in that trial may appeal the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.
f. If the Court declines to hear a case, the court of appeals decision is final.
g. The Supreme Court has become more diverse with the appointments of Thurgood Marshall and Sandra Day O’Connor.